Your options
SEP IRA: Simplest to set up. Contribute up to 25% of net self-employment earnings, max $70,000 (2025). Employer contributions only. Can be opened and funded up to your tax filing deadline (including extensions).
Solo 401(k): More complex but potentially higher contributions. You contribute as both employee (up to $23,500 for 2025) and employer (up to 25% of compensation). Total max: $70,000 ($77,500 if over 50). Must be established by December 31.
SIMPLE IRA: Good for self-employed with a few employees. Lower limits ($16,500 employee contribution for 2025) but mandatory employer match.
You're a freelancer with $120,000 in net self-employment income.
SEP IRA: 25% of $120,000 = $30,000 deduction
Solo 401(k): $23,500 (employee) + 25% of $120,000 (employer) = $23,500 + $30,000 = $53,500 deduction
The Solo 401(k) shelters an extra $23,500 from taxes in this scenario.
Which should you choose?
If your net income is under $100,000 and you want simplicity: SEP IRA. Open one at Fidelity or Schwab in 15 minutes.
If your net income is over $100,000 and you want to maximize tax savings: Solo 401(k). The extra employee contribution makes a big difference at higher income levels.
SEP IRAs: IRS Publication 560 (Retirement Plans for Small Business). Solo 401(k): See IRS one-participant 401(k) plan guidance. Deduction reported on Form 1040, Schedule 1.
Track your retirement contributions
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